Identifying changes in the reproduction number, rate of spread, and doubling time during the course of the COVID-19 outbreak whilst accounting for potential biases due to delays in case reporting both nationally and subnationally.
Figure 1: The results of the latest reproduction number estimates (based on estimated cases with a date of infection on the 2020-03-21) can be summarised by whether cases are likely increasing or decreasing. This represents the strength of the evidence that the reproduction number in each region is greater than or less than 1, respectively.
Figure 4: Cases with date of infection on the 2020-03-21 and the time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number (bar = 90% credible interval). Regions are ordered by the number of expected daily cases and shaded based on the expected change in daily cases. The dotted line indicates the target value of 1 for the effective reproduction no. required for control and a single case required for elimination.
Figure 5: Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number (light grey ribbon = 90% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = 50% credible interval) in the regions expected to have the highest number of incident cases. Estimates are shown up to the 2020-03-21. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence. The dotted line indicates the target value of 1 for the effective reproduction no. required for control.
Figure 6: Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of infection (light grey ribbon = 90% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = 50% credible interval) in the regions expected to have the highest number of incident cases. Estimates are shown up to the 2020-03-21.Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Figure 7: Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number (light grey ribbon = 90% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = 50% credible interval) in all regions. Estimates are shown up to the 2020-03-21. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence. The dotted line indicates the target value of 1 for the effective reproduction no. required for control.
Figure 8: Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of infection (light grey ribbon = 90% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = 50% credible interval) in all regions. Estimates are shown up to the 2020-03-21. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Country/Region | New infections | Expected change in daily cases | Effective reproduction no. | Doubling time (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 58 (5 – 91) | Likely increasing | 1.4 (1 – 2) | 11 (3.4 – Cases decreasing) |
| Argentina | 128 (28 – 307) | Likely increasing | 1.5 (0.7 – 2.3) | 11 (3.4 – Cases decreasing) |
| Australia | 369 (276 – 865) | Unsure | 1.1 (0.8 – 1.6) | 68 (9.5 – Cases decreasing) |
| Austria | 898 (538 – 1585) | Unsure | 1.2 (0.8 – 1.7) | 16 (5.1 – Cases decreasing) |
| Belgium | 2090 (1382 – 3642) | Increasing | 2 (1.4 – 2.4) | 4.7 (3.3 – 11) |
| Brazil | 578 (320 – 865) | Likely increasing | 1.3 (0.8 – 1.7) | 15 (5.7 – Cases decreasing) |
| Canada | 757 (634 – 940) | Increasing | 1.3 (1.1 – 1.6) | 9.6 (5 – 5600) |
| Chile | 306 (149 – 548) | Likely increasing | 1.6 (0.9 – 2.1) | 8 (3.7 – Cases decreasing) |
| China | 125 (52 – 172) | Unsure | 1.1 (0.8 – 1.4) | 53 (9 – Cases decreasing) |
| Czech Republic | 377 (205 – 526) | Increasing | 1.6 (1 – 1.9) | 7.5 (4.6 – Cases decreasing) |
| Denmark | 206 (132 – 318) | Increasing | 1.5 (1.2 – 2.1) | 9.4 (4.7 – 81) |
| Dominican Republic | 279 (56 – 835) | Likely increasing | 2.2 (0.6 – 3.9) | 4.9 (2.2 – 70) |
| Ecuador | 210 (72 – 309) | Likely increasing | 1.2 (0.9 – 1.6) | 26 (5.6 – Cases decreasing) |
| Estonia | 84 (31 – 145) | Likely increasing | 1.7 (0.8 – 2.4) | 7.2 (3.2 – Cases decreasing) |
| Finland | 105 (50 – 143) | Unsure | 1.2 (0.6 – 1.7) | 21 (5.1 – Cases decreasing) |
| France | 4696 (3524 – 5789) | Increasing | 1.4 (1 – 1.7) | 9.5 (5.4 – 85) |
| Germany | 5941 (4000 – 7218) | Increasing | 1.3 (1.1 – 1.8) | 13 (8.3 – 39) |
| Greece | 120 (64 – 182) | Increasing | 1.4 (1.1 – 1.8) | 8.9 (4.7 – 31) |
| India | 145 (76 – 244) | Unsure | 1.4 (0.9 – 2) | 11 (5.2 – Cases decreasing) |
| Indonesia | 187 (95 – 421) | Unsure | 1.6 (0.7 – 3) | 9.2 (3 – Cases decreasing) |
| Iran | 4147 (2501 – 13249) | Increasing | 1.6 (1.3 – 3) | 7.7 (3 – 23) |
| Ireland | 286 (111 – 528) | Unsure | 1.3 (0.7 – 2.2) | 16 (4.9 – Cases decreasing) |
| Israel | 780 (360 – 1879) | Likely increasing | 1.6 (0.9 – 2.4) | 7.4 (3.5 – 120) |
| Italy | 7853 (4883 – 16454) | Likely increasing | 1.3 (0.9 – 1.9) | 18 (7.3 – Cases decreasing) |
| Japan | 174 (113 – 314) | Increasing | 1.7 (1.3 – 2.1) | 6.3 (3.8 – 33) |
| Luxembourg | 214 (130 – 329) | Unsure | 1.2 (0.8 – 1.7) | 25 (5.7 – Cases decreasing) |
| Malaysia | 187 (74 – 287) | Unsure | 1.1 (0.8 – 1.5) | 55 (9.1 – Cases decreasing) |
| Mexico | 198 (102 – 372) | Increasing | 1.8 (1.2 – 2.8) | 6.3 (3.7 – 22) |
| Morocco | 76 (28 – 191) | Increasing | 1.8 (1.3 – 2.6) | 5.6 (2.8 – 78) |
| Netherlands | 1266 (420 – 2185) | Unsure | 1.3 (0.5 – 1.8) | 15 (3.9 – Cases decreasing) |
| Norway | 327 (155 – 721) | Unsure | 1.2 (0.8 – 2.2) | 20 (5.3 – Cases decreasing) |
| Pakistan | 164 (50 – 350) | Unsure | 1.3 (0.6 – 1.8) | 23 (4.8 – Cases decreasing) |
| Panama | 149 (85 – 254) | Likely increasing | 1.5 (0.9 – 2.2) | 9.9 (3.4 – Cases decreasing) |
| Peru | 119 (18 – 240) | Increasing | 1.7 (1.1 – 2.5) | 7.6 (3.1 – Cases decreasing) |
| Philippines | 301 (150 – 713) | Increasing | 2.1 (1.4 – 3.7) | 5 (2.5 – 41) |
| Poland | 466 (155 – 2004) | Increasing | 1.9 (1 – 5.5) | 6.6 (3.7 – Cases decreasing) |
| Portugal | 994 (667 – 2149) | Increasing | 1.7 (1.1 – 3.3) | 7.1 (3.4 – Cases decreasing) |
| Qatar | 45 (15 – 114) | Increasing | 2 (0.9 – 3.1) | 5.2 (2.6 – Cases decreasing) |
| Romania | 272 (117 – 365) | Increasing | 1.6 (1.1 – 2) | 7.2 (4.1 – 27) |
| Russia | 276 (116 – 440) | Likely increasing | 1.8 (0.8 – 2.7) | 5.9 (2.7 – Cases decreasing) |
| Saudi Arabia | 86 (33 – 148) | Unsure | 1 (0.6 – 1.3) | -26 (11 – Cases decreasing) |
| Serbia | 184 (62 – 403) | Increasing | 2.2 (1.3 – 3.4) | 3.9 (2.3 – 15) |
| Singapore | 73 (40 – 114) | Likely increasing | 1.3 (1 – 1.8) | 12 (4.5 – Cases decreasing) |
| South Africa | 208 (84 – 396) | Unsure | 1.4 (0.7 – 2.1) | 8.6 (3.2 – Cases decreasing) |
| South Korea | 117 (79 – 164) | Unsure | 1 (0.7 – 1.4) | 48 (8.6 – Cases decreasing) |
| Spain | 8458 (6218 – 10613) | Likely increasing | 1.3 (0.9 – 1.6) | 11 (6.3 – Cases decreasing) |
| Sweden | 334 (153 – 493) | Likely increasing | 1.4 (1 – 1.8) | 11 (5.2 – Cases decreasing) |
| Switzerland | 1290 (344 – 1804) | Unsure | 1.2 (0.5 – 1.6) | 92 (7 – Cases decreasing) |
| Thailand | 122 (60 – 176) | Unsure | 1 (0.7 – 1.3) | -35 (15 – Cases decreasing) |
| Turkey | 2394 (588 – 5560) | Likely increasing | 1.7 (0.7 – 3.1) | 6 (2.6 – Cases decreasing) |
| Ukraine | 120 (48 – 167) | Likely increasing | 2.3 (0.8 – 3.4) | 3.9 (1.9 – Cases decreasing) |
| United Kingdom | 3076 (1601 – 4121) | Increasing | 1.6 (1.1 – 2.1) | 5.7 (3.7 – 14) |
| United States of America | 21148 (14653 – 39569) | Increasing | 1.5 (1 – 2.1) | 8.5 (4.7 – 22) |
Table 2: Latest estimates (as of the 2020-03-21) of the number of cases by date of infection, the effective reproduction number, and the doubling time in each region. The mean and 90% credible interval is shown.